Military Times Guide To Military Installations Worldwide Pants

Sniper wearing aMilitary camouflage is the use of by an to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces. In practice, this means applying colour and materials to military equipment of all kinds, including vehicles, ships, aircraft, gun positions and, either to conceal it from observation , or to make it appear as something else. The French slang word came into common English usage during when the concept of visual deception developed into an essential part of modern. In that war, long-range artillery and observation from the air combined to expand the field of fire, and camouflage was widely used to decrease the danger of being targeted or to enable surprise.

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As such, military camouflage is a form of.Camouflage was first practiced in simple form in the mid 18th century by or units. Their tasks required them to be inconspicuous, and they were issued green and later other drab colour uniforms.

With the advent of longer range and more accurate weapons, especially the repeating rifle, camouflage was adopted for the uniforms of all armies, spreading to most forms of military equipment including ships and aircraft. Many modern camouflage textiles address visibility not only to visible light but also, for concealment from devices. Camouflage is not only visual; heat, sound, magnetism and even smell can be used to target weapons, and may be intentionally concealed. Some forms of camouflage have elements of, designed to at different distances, typically patterns made of.

Camouflage patterns also have cultural functions such as political identification.Camouflage for equipment and positions was extensively developed for military use by the French in 1915, soon followed by other World War I armies. In both world wars,. Ship camouflage developed via conspicuous schemes during WWI, but since the development of, ship camouflage has received less attention. Aircraft, especially in World War II, were often: painted with different schemes above and below, to camouflage them against the ground and sky respectively.Military camouflage patterns have been popular in fashion and art from as early as 1915. Camouflage patterns have appeared in the work of artists such as and, sometimes with an anti-war message. In fashion, many major designers have exploited camouflage's style and symbolism, and military clothing or imitations of it have been used both as street wear and as a symbol of political protest.

In a, countershaded with white, on a disruptively painted surface, Thailand, 1972.Military camouflage is part of the art of. The main objective of military camouflage is to deceive the enemy as to the presence, position and intentions of military formations. Camouflage techniques include concealment, disguise, and dummies, applied to troops, vehicles, and positions.Vision is the main sense of orientation in humans, and the primary function of camouflage is to deceive the human eye.

Camouflage works through concealment (whether by, preventing casting shadows, or disruption of outlines), or possibly. In modern warfare, some forms of camouflage, for example face paints, also offer concealment from infrared sensors, while textiles in addition help to provide concealment from.Compromises. A with 'Berlin camouflage' meant to hide it against that city's concrete buildings. Such terrain-specific patterns are rare.While camouflage tricks are in principle limitless, both cost and practical considerations limit the choice of methods and the time and effort devoted to camouflage. Paint and uniforms must also protect vehicles and soldiers from the elements.

Units need to move, fire their weapons and perform other tasks to keep functional, some of which run counter to camouflage. Camouflage may be dropped altogether. Late in the Second World War, the abandoned camouflage paint for some aircraft to lure enemy fighters to attack, while in the Cold War, some aircraft similarly flew with polished metal skins, to reduce and weight, or to reduce vulnerability to radiation from nuclear weapons.No single camouflage pattern is effective in all terrains. The effectiveness of a pattern depends on contrast as well as colour tones. Strong contrasts which are better suited for environments such as forests where the play of light and shade is prominent, while low contrasts are better suited to open terrain with little shading structure. Terrain-specific camouflage patterns, made to match the local terrain, may be more effective in that terrain than more general patterns.

However, unlike an animal or a civilian hunter, military units may need to cross several terrain types like woodland, farmland and built up areas in a single day. While civilian hunting clothing may have almost photo-realistic depictions of tree bark or leaves (indeed, some such patterns are based on photographs), military camouflage is designed to work in a range of environments. With the cost of uniforms in particular being substantial, most armies operating globally have two separate full uniforms, one for woodland/jungle and one for desert and other dry terrain.

An American attempt at a global camouflage pattern for all environments (the 2004 ) was however withdrawn after a few years of service. On the other end of the scale are terrain specific patterns like the 'Berlin camo', applied to British vehicles operating in during the, where square fields of various gray shades was designed to hide vehicles against the mostly concrete architecture of post-war Berlin. Other functions. Uniform (right) had by 2008 diverged from the former army pattern, apparently for cultural reasons such as political identification.Camouflage patterns serve alongside concealment. Apart from concealment, uniforms are also the primary means for soldiers to tell friends and enemies apart. The camouflage experts and evolutionary zoologists L. Baddeley and analyzed calibrated photographs of a series of and uniform patterns and demonstrated that their evolution did not serve any known principles of military camouflage intended to provide concealment.

Instead, when the Warsaw Pact was dissolved, the uniforms of the countries that began to favour the West politically started to converge on the colours and textures of NATO patterns. After the death of and the breakup of what had been, the camouflage patterns of the new nations changed, coming to resemble the camouflage patterns used by the armies of their neighbours. The authors note that military camouflage resembles in having multiple simultaneous functions. Snow camouflage. Main article:Seasons may play a role in some regions.

A dramatic change in colour and texture is created by seasonal snowy conditions in northern latitudes, necessitating repainting of vehicles and separate snow oversuits. The Eastern and northern European countries have a tradition for separate winter uniforms rather than oversuits. During the Second World War, the went a step further, developing reversible uniforms with separate schemes for summer and autumn, as well as white winter oversuits. Movement While patterns can provide more effective than solid colour when the camouflaged object is stationary, any pattern, particularly one with high contrast, stands out when the object is moving. Jungle camouflage uniforms were issued during the, but both the British and American forces found that a simple green uniform provided better camouflage when soldiers were moving. After the war, most nations returned to a unicoloured uniform for their troops.

Some nations, notably and, continue to use solid colour combat uniforms today. Similarly, while larger military aircraft traditionally had a disruptive pattern with a darker top over a lighter lower surface (a form of ), modern fast fighter aircraft often wear gray overall. Digital camouflage. Main article:Digital camouflage provides a disruptive effect through the use of pixellated patterns at a range of scales, meaning that the camouflage helps to defeat observation at a range of distances. Such patterns were first developed during the Second World War, when Johann Georg Otto Schick designed a number of patterns for the, combining micro- and macro-patterns in one scheme. The developed the idea further in the 1970s into, which combines smaller shapes with dithering; this softens the edges of the large scale pattern, making the underlying objects harder to discern.

Shapes pre-date by many years, already being used in Soviet Union experiments with camouflage patterns, such as ' developed in 1944 or 1945.In the 1970s, US Army officer Timothy R. O'Neill suggested that patterns consisting of square blocks of colour would provide effective camouflage. By 2000, O'Neill's idea was combined with patterns like the German Flecktarn to create pixellated patterns such as. Battledress in digital camouflage patterns was first designed by the. The 'digital' refers to the coordinates of the pattern, which are digitally defined. The term is also used of computer generated patterns like the non-pixellated and the Italian Vegetato pattern. Pixellation does not in itself contribute to the camouflaging effect.

The pixellated style, however, simplifies design and eases printing on fabric. Non-visual.

Military Times Guide To Military Installations Worldwide Pants For Women

A Swedish, exhibiting both conventional visual camouflage and an anti-radar designWith the birth of and and other means of detecting military hardware not depending on the human eye, came means of camouflaging against them. Collectively these are known as. Aircraft and ships can be shaped to reflect radar impulses away from the sender, and covered with, to reduce their radar signature. The use of has also led to efforts to hide the heat signature of aircraft engines.

Methods include exhaust ports shaped to mix hot exhaust gases with cold surrounding air, and placing the exhaust ports on the upper side of the airframe. Attempts to hide objects from detection methods such as, and imaging simultaneously.camouflage, at least in the form of noise reduction, is practised in various ways. The of military absorbs sonar waves and can be seen as a form of auditory camouflage. Some modern are. Combat uniforms are usually equipped with buttons rather than or to reduce noise.camouflage is said to be rare; examples include, special garments for military made from strips of, which are sometimes treated with mud and even manure to give them an 'earthy' smell to cover the smell of the sniper.camouflage in the form of ' coils has been used since the Second World War to protect ships from and other weapons with magnetic sensors.

Horizontal coils around the whole or parts of the ship generate to 'cancel out' distortions to the earth's magnetic field created by the ship. History Reconnaissance and riflemen. Further information:was occasionally used in ancient times. Wrote in the 4th century that 'Venetian blue' (bluish-green, like the sea) was used for camouflage in the years 56–54 BC during the, when sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain. The bluish-green scout ships carried sailors and marines dressed in the same colour.The emphasis on hand-to-hand combat, and the short range of weapons such as the, meant that recognition and cohesion were more important than camouflage in combat clothing well into the period. The introduction of infantry weapons with longer range, especially the, opened up new roles which needed camouflaged clothing. In the colonial (1756–1763), the rifle-armed wore gray or green uniforms., one of the unit's later commanders, noted in 1784:Green is without comparison the best colour for light troops with dark accouterments; and if put on in the spring, by autumn it nearly fades with the leaves, preserving its characteristic of being scarcely discernible at a distance.

Regiment (1802–1816) reenactors in uniformThe tradition was continued by British who adopted for the.During the, fielded light infantry units known as, who wore brown-jackets which helped conceal them. The brown color was considered to be more adequate for a concealment in the landscape of most of Portuguese regions, in general more arid than the greener landscapes of Central and Northern Europe.Other nations soon followed suit, dressing their rifle regiments and sometimes also light troops in suitable drab tones, usually variations of green or gray.The first introduction of drab general uniform was by the British in in 1848. Initially the drab uniform was specially imported from England, with one of the reasons being to 'make them invisible in a land of dust'. However, when a larger quantity was required the army improvised, using a local dye to produce uniform locally.

This type of drab uniform soon became known as ( for dusty, soil-coloured) by the Indian soldiers, and was of a similar colour to a local dress of cotton coloured with the. The example was followed by other British units during the, dying their white drill uniforms to inconspicuous tones with mud, tea, coffee or coloured inks.

The resulting hue varied from dark or slate through light to, or sometimes even. This improvised measure gradually became widespread among the troops stationed in India and, and sometimes among the troops campaigning on the African continent. Rifle fire. The Relief of Ladysmith by shows the uniforms used by the British in the.While long range rifles became the standard weapon in the 1830s, armies were slow to adapt their tactics and uniforms, perhaps as a result of mainly fighting colonial wars against less well armed opponents. Not until the of 1880/81 did a major European power meet an opponent well equipped with and well versed in the use of modern long range repeating firearms, forcing an immediate change in tactics and uniforms. Khaki-coloured uniform became standard service dress for both and troops stationed in British India in 1885, and in 1896 uniform was adopted by British Army for the service outside of Europe in general, but not until the, in 1902, did the entire standardise on khaki (officially known as 'drab') for.The, who had blue-jacketed rifle units in the, were quick to follow the British, going khaki in the same year.

Followed, partially, in 1908. The used grigio-verde ('grey-green') in the Alps from 1906 and across the army from 1909. The adopted ('field grey') in 1910. By the outbreak of the in 1914, France was the only major power to still field soldiers dressed in traditional conspicuous uniforms. The First World War. Restored British in WWI pattern, showing disruptive camouflageThe was the first full scale industrial conflict fought with modern firearms.

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The first attempt at disruptive camouflaged garment for the was proposed in 1914 by the painter, but was refused by the army, which nevertheless kept a sample of the clothing. In collaboration with a Russian chemist friend, Guingot had developed a process of painting on weather-resistant fabric before the war and had registered a patent for it. But the casualty rate on the forced the French to finally relinquish their blue coats and red trousers, adopting a grayish 'horizon blue' uniform.The use of rapid firing and long range quickly led to camouflaging of vehicles and positions.

Artillery pieces were soon painted in contrasting bold colours to obscure their outlines. Another early trend was building observation trees, made of steel with bark camouflage. Such trees became popular with the British and French armies in 1916. The observation tree was invented by French painter, who led the French army's camouflage unit, the first of its kind in any army. He also invented painted canvas to hide machine gun positions, and this was quickly taken up for hiding equipment and gun positions from 1917, 7 million square yards being used by the end of the war.The First World War also saw the birth of, and with it the need not only to conceal positions and vehicles from being spotted from the air, but also the need to camouflage the aircraft themselves. In 1917, Germany started using a covering Central Powers aircraft, possibly the earliest printed camouflage.

A similarly disruptive splinter pattern in earth tones, Buntfarbenanstrich 1918, was introduced for in 1918, and was also used on the (steel helmet), becoming the first use of a standardized camouflage pattern for soldiers. Camoufleurs.

Camouflage in the empty desert: a masquerading as a truck inPrinted camouflage for was introduced for the Italian and German armies in the interwar period, the 'splotchy' in Italy and the angular in Germany. During the War, both patterns were used for paratrooper uniforms for their respective countries. The British soon followed suit with a brush-stroke type pattern for their paratrooper's, and the Soviets introduced an 'amoeba' pattern overgarment for their snipers.'

S 1940 book systematically covered the different forms of camouflage and mimicry by which animals protect themselves, and explicitly drew comparisons throughout with military camouflage:The principle is one with many applications to modern warfare. In the it was utilized by the Germans when they introduced strongly marked incidents of white or black tone to conceal the fainter contrasts of tone made by the sloping sides of overhead camouflage-screens, or roofing, as seen from the air. The same principle has, of course, a special application in any attempt to reduce the visibility of large objects of all kinds, such as ships, tanks, buildings, and aerodromes. — Hugh CottBoth British and Soviet aircraft were given wave-type camouflage paintwork for their upper surfaces throughout the war, while American ones remained simple two-colour schemes (different upper and under sides) or even dispensed with camouflage altogether. Italian and some Japanese aircraft wore sprayed-on spotted patterns.

German aircraft mostly used an angular splint-pattern camouflage, but Germany experimented with different schemes, particularly in the later stages of the war. They also experimented with various spray-on camouflage patterns for tanks and other vehicles, while Allied vehicles remained largely uni-coloured. As they had volunteered in the first World War, women sewed camouflage netting, organizing formalized groups for the work in Australia, Britain, New Zealand and the United States who took part as camoufleurs during the second war.

A in the typical bare metal finish. Many US aircraft did not sport camouflage at the end of the warThe British, consisting mainly of artists recruited into the, developed the use of camouflage for large-scale.

Operations combined the disguise of actual installations, vehicles and stores with the simultaneous display of dummies, whether to draw fire or to give a false idea of the strength of forces or likely attack directions. In for the decisive battle at, a whole dummy armoured division was constructed, while real tanks were disguised as soft-skinned transport using 'Sunshield' covers.

The capabilities so developed were put to use not only in the western desert, but also in Europe as in the deception for the, and in the Pacific campaign, as in the.The introduction of led to efforts to camouflage airfields and strategic production centres. This form of positional camouflage could be quite elaborate, and even include false houses and cars.

With the threat from in the post-war era such elaborate camouflage was no longer seen as useful, as a direct hit would not be necessary with to destroy infrastructure. The 's of defines the need for surprise through means including camouflage, based on experiences such as the where camouflage helped the to overwhelm a powerful enemy.

Application Uniforms. Further information: andThe role of uniform is not only to hide each soldier, but also to identify friend from foe. Issue of the ' uniforms to US troops in Europe during the Second World War was halted as it was too often mistaken for the worn by the Waffen-SS. Camouflage uniforms need to be made and distributed to a large number of soldiers. The design of camouflage uniforms therefore involves a tradeoff between camouflaging effect, recognizability, cost, and manufacturability.Armies facing service in different theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms.

Separate issues of temperate/jungle and desert camouflage uniforms are common. Patterns can to some extent be adapted to different terrains by adding means of fastening pieces of vegetation to the uniform. Helmets often have netting covers; some jackets have small loops for the same purpose. Being able to find appropriate camouflage vegetation or in other ways modify the issued battle uniform to suit the local terrain is an important skill for infantry soldiers.Countries in boreal climates often need, either by having reversible uniforms or simple overgarments. Such simple overgarments can be used for other terrains too. The Austrian and Israeli armies use solid colour field uniforms, relying on simple overgarments for camouflage.

Land vehicles. An with MERDC winter verdant camouflage scheme.The purpose of vehicle and equipment camouflage differs from personal camouflage in that the primary threat is. The goal is to disrupt the characteristic shape of the vehicle, to reduce shine, and to make the vehicle difficult to identify even if it is spotted.Paint is the least effective measure, but forms a basis for other techniques. Military vehicles often become so dirty that pattern-painted camouflage is not visible, and although matt colours reduce shine, a wet vehicle can still be shiny, especially when viewed from above. Patterns are designed to make it more difficult to interpret shadows and shapes. The British Army adopted a disruptive scheme for vehicles operating in the stony desert of the and Greece, retrospectively known as the Caunter scheme.

Military Times Guide To Military Installations Worldwide Pants Size

It used up to six colours applied with straight lines. A system' fitted to a armoured vehicle reduces visual, and 'signatures', and permits movementThe British Army's used pink as the primary colour on its -camouflaged patrol vehicles, nicknamed Pink Panthers; the colour had been observed to be indistinguishable from sand at a distance.Nets can be effective at defeating visual observation. Traditional camouflage nets use a textile 'garnish' to generate an apparent texture with a depth of shadow created beneath it, and the effect can be reinforced with pieces of vegetation. Modern nets tend to be made of a continuous woven material, which is easier to deploy over a vehicle and lack the 'windows' between patches of garnish of traditional nets.

Some nets can remain in place while vehicles move. Simple nets are less effective in defeating radar and thermal sensors. Heavier, more durable 'mobile camouflage systems', essentially conformal with thermal and radar properties, provide a degree of concealment without the delay caused by having to spread nets around a vehicle.for vehicles, using heated or cooled to match the background, has been prototyped in industry but has not yet been put into production. British Admiralty ofUntil the 20th century, naval weapons had a short range, so camouflage was unimportant for ships, and for the men on board them. Paint schemes were selected on the basis of ease of maintenance or aesthetics, typically upperworks (with polished brass fittings) and white or black hulls.

Around the start of the 20th century, the increasing range of naval engagements, as demonstrated by the, prompted the introduction of the first camouflage, in the form of some solid shade of gray overall, in the hope that ships would fade into the mist. Patrol boat disruptively patterned for service close to the coastFirst and Second World War, pioneered by English artist, was used not to make ships disappear, but to make them seem smaller and/or faster, to encourage misidentification by an enemy and to make the ships harder to hit. In the Second World War, the trialled a form of, using to prevent ships from appearing as dark shapes against a brighter sky during the night. It reduced visibility by up to 70%, but was unreliable and never went into production.After the Second World War, the use of made camouflage generally less effective. However, camouflage may have helped to protect US warships from Vietnamese shore batteries using optical rangefinders.Coastal patrol boats such as those of the, and navies continue to use terrestrial style disruptively patterned camouflage.

A painted with earth colours above and sky blue belowAircraft camouflage faces the challenge that an aircraft's background varies widely, according to whether the observer is above or below the aircraft, and with the background, e.g. Farmland or desert. Aircraft camouflage schemes have often consisted of a light colour underneath and darker colours above.Other camouflage schemes acknowledge that aircraft may be seen at any angle and against any background while in combat, so aircraft are painted all over with a disruptive pattern or a neutral colour such as gray. Maritime patrol is painted white, but even so parts of it appear dark against the sky.Second World War maritime patrol aircraft such as the flying boat were painted white, as aircraft generally appear dark against the sky (including at night), and hence are least visible when painted in as light a colour as possible. The problem of appearing dark against the sky was explored in the U.S. Navy's project in 1943, using to raise the average brightness of a plane, when seen head-on, from a dark shape to the same as the sky. The experiments worked, enabling an aircraft to approach to within 2 miles (3.2 km) before being seen, whereas aircraft without the lights were noticed 12 miles (19 km) away.The higher speeds of modern aircraft, and the reliance on radar and missiles in air combat have reduced the value of visual camouflage, while increasing the value of electronic ' measures.

Modern paint is designed to absorb electromagnetic radiation used by, reducing the signature of the aircraft, and to limit the emission of infrared light used by to detect their target. Further advances in aircraft camouflage are being investigated in the field of. Postcard of costumes at the 'Dazzle Ball' held by the Chelsea Arts Club, 1919, a peacetime reaction to war.

Fashion and the 'Dazzle Ball' The transfer of camouflage patterns from battle to exclusively civilian uses is not recent. Inspired a trend of dazzlesque patterns used on clothing in England, starting in 1919 with the 'Dazzle Ball' held by Chelsea Arts Club. Those attending wore dazzle-patterned black and white clothing, influencing twentieth-century fashion and art via postcards (see illustration) and magazine articles. The announcedThe scheme of decoration for the great fancy dress ball given by the Chelsea Arts Club at the Albert Hall, the other day, was based on the principles of 'Dazzle', the method of 'camouflage' used during the war in the painting of ships. The total effect was brilliant and fantastic. Camouflage in art.

The United States has the strongest military in the world. With a approved by Congress on November 14 of over $700 billion, the U.S. Spends nearly more than all other 28 members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization combined. It also has approximately active duty military personnel. Of these troops are deployed at any given time throughout more than and the U.S.

Has almost 800 military bases around the world.Many of the U.S. Troops around the world are there because of bilateral security agreements with certain countries to help protect them. But many American troops have been deployed because of launched by former President George W.

Bush after September 11, 2001. Since then, Bush, former President Barack Obama, and now President Donald Trump have used the congressional approval for the GWOT to send troops across the Middle East, Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and more to combat terrorism. AfricaLast month, four U.S. Soliders were in Niger. Most Americans were surprised to learn the U.S. Had troops in sub-Saharan African, let alone that they have been deployed in Niger to advise and assist Nigerien military counterterrorism operations.But that’s not all the U.S.

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Is doing on the continent. According to a, based on data they obtained from the U.S. Special Operations command, there are 1,700 soliders running 96 active missions in 20 countries in Africa. Most of these missions are to help our African partners fight terrorism, whether that is by training their security forces or by providing intelligence on terrorists.AsiaThe abroad is in Asia, with nearly 39,000 troops in Japan and about 24,000 in South Korea in 2016. Our bases in Okinawa, Japan take up of the whole island.American military presence is meant to keep the tenuous peace that exists in the region and to act as a deterrent and a rapid response to possible.

However, in the last few years, many Japanese and South Korean citizens have the U.S. This is in part because of concerns that the U.S. Will use their bases there to launch a pre-emptive strike against North Korea that would send the region into chaos, but also because of committed by U.S. Military personnel against locals.EuropeThe U.S. Has maintained a large military presence in Europe since World War II. Germany still hosts the deployment of U.S.

Troops in the world. Under Obama, in 2012, the U.S. From Europe, but in 2016, many of the forces there because of ongoing Russian aggression in and.Additionally, the military uses its bases in places like Germany, Spain, and Italy to in the Middle East and Africa.Middle EastWhile the Middle East has the third-largest U.S.

Troop presence of anywhere in the world (after Asia and Europe), the military has bases across the region and is currently conducting active military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq,. Earlier this summer, Trump he would keep the military presence in Afghanistan for the foreseeable future, reversing Obama’s to draw down forces there.Even as Obama worked to draw down the number of troops engaged in combat in the region, he increased the use of to go after terrorist targets, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties during his tenure.Latin America and CaribbeanThe military presence in Latin America and the Caribbean has grown in the last few years as the U.S. Continues to its fight against drug trafficking. The military is in countries including Colombia, Honduras, and Peru, where it works with the host countries to combat drug cartels to stop the flow of drugs into the U.S.Related:Check this out.