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Ischemia can also occur in the arteries of the brain, where blockages can lead to a. About 80-85% of all strokes are ischemic.
Most blockages in the cerebral arteries are due to a blood clot, often in an artery narrowed by plaque. Sometimes, a blood clot in the heart or aorta travels to a cerebral artery. A (TIA) is a 'mini-stroke' caused by a temporary deficiency of blood supply to the brain. It occurs suddenly, lasts a few minutes to a few hours, and is a strong warning sign of an impending stroke. Ischemia can also effect intestines, legs, feet and kidneys. Pain, malfunctions, and damage in those areas may result. Causes and symptoms.
Ischemia is almost always caused by blockage of an artery, usually due to atherosclerotic plaque. Myocardial ischemia is also caused by (which tend to form on plaque), artery spasms or contractions, or any of these factors combined.
Silent ischemia is usually caused by emotional or mental or by exertion, but there are no symptoms. Angina is usually caused by increased oxygen demand when the heart is working harder than usual, for example, during, or during mental or physical stress. According to researchers at Harvard University, physical stress is harder on the heart than mental stress. A TIA is caused by a blood clot briefly blocking a cerebral artery.
Risk factors. People whose parents have coronary artery disease are more likely to develop it. African Americans are also at higher risk. Sex.
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Men are more likely to have heart attacks than women, and to have them at a younger age. Age. Men who are 45 years of age and older and women who are 55 years of age and older are considered to be at risk. Smoking increases both the chance of developing coronary artery disease and the chance of dying from it. Second hand smoke may also increase risk.
High cholesterol. Risk of developing coronary artery disease increases as blood cholesterol levels increase.
When combined with other factors, the risk is even greater. High blood pressure. High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, and with time, weakens it.
When combined with, smoking, high cholesterol, or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times. Lack of physical activity. Lack of exercise increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Diabetes mellitus.
The risk of developing coronary artery disease is seriously increased for diabetics. Obesity. Excess weight increases the strain on the heart and increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease, even if no other risk factors are present. Obesity increases blood pressure and blood cholesterol, and can lead to diabetes. Stress and anger.
Some scientists believe that stress and anger can contribute to the development of coronary artery disease. Stress increases the heart rate and blood pressure and can injure the lining of the arteries.
Angina attacks often occur after anger, as do many heart attacks and strokes. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows the heart's activity and may reveal a lack of oxygen.
Electrodes covered with conducting jelly are placed on the patient's chest, arms, and legs. Impulses of the heart's activity are recorded on paper.
The test takes about 10 minutes and is performed in a physician's office. About 25% of patients with angina have normal electrocardiograms.
Another type of electrocardiogram, the exercise, measures response to exertion when the patient is exercising on a treadmill or a stationary bike. It is performed in a physician's office or an exercise laboratory and takes 15 to 30 minutes. This test is more accurate than a resting ECG in diagnosing ischemia.
Sometimes an ambulatory ECG is ordered. For this test, the patient wears a portable ECG machine called a Holter monitor for 12, 24, or 48 hours.
Coronary angiography is the most accurate diagnostic technique, but it is also the most invasive. It shows the heart's chambers, great vessels, and coronary arteries by using a contrast solution and x-ray technology. A moving picture is recorded of the blood flow through the coronary arteries. The patient is awake, but sedated, and connected to ECG electrodes and an intravenous line. A local anesthetic is injected.
The cardiologist then inserts a catheter into a blood vessel and guides it into the heart. Coronary angiography is performed in a laboratory and takes from half an hour to two hours. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft surgery are invasive procedures which improve blood flow in the coronary arteries.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is a non-surgical procedure in which a catheter tipped with a balloon is threaded from a blood vessel in the thigh into the blocked artery. The balloon is inflated, compressing the plaque to enlarge the blood vessel and open the blocked artery. The balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed. The procedure is performed by a cardiologist in a hospital and generally requires a two-day stay. Sometimes a metal stent is placed in the artery to prevent closing of the artery. In coronary artery bypass graft, called bypass surgery, a detour is built around the coronary artery blockage with a healthy leg vein or chest wall artery.
The healthy vein or artery then supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Bypass surgery is major surgery appropriate for patients with blockages in two or three major coronary arteries or severely narrowed left main coronary arteries, as well as those who have not responded to other treatments.
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It is performed in a hospital under general anesthesia using a heart-lung machine to support the patient while the healthy vein or artery is attached to the coronary artery. There are several experimental surgical procedures:, where the surgeon shaves off and removes strips of plaque from the blocked artery; laser angioplasty, where a catheter with a laser tip is inserted to burn or break down the plaque; and insertion of a metal coil, called a stent, that can be implanted permanently to keep a blocked artery open. This stenting procedure is becoming more common. Another experimental procedure uses a laser to drill channels in the heart muscle to increase blood supply.
Ischemia can be life-threatening. Although there are alternative treatments for angina, traditional medical care may be necessary. Prevention of the cause of ischemia, primarily, is primary. This becomes even more important for people with a family history of heart disease. Dietary modifications, especially the reduction or elimination of saturated fats (primarily found in meat), are essential. Increased fiber (found in fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, and beans) can help the body eliminate excessive cholesterol through the stools.
Exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, is essential for circulation health. Not smoking will prevent damage from smoke and the harmful substances it contains.
Abana, a mixture of herbs and used in, can reduce the frequency and severity of angina attacks. Western herbal medicine recommends hawthorn ( Crataegus laevigata or C. Oxyacantha) to relieve long-term angina, since it strengthens the contractility of the heart muscles.
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And botanical medicines that act as antioxidants, for example, C and E, selenium, gingko ( Gingko biloba), bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus), and hawthorn, can help prevent initial arterial injury that can lead to the formation of plaque deposits. Cactus ( Cactus grandiflorus) is a homeopathic remedy used for pain relief during an attack. Mind/body relaxation techniques such as and can help control strong emotions and stress.